Feature #370
Setting Up KVM on Debian
Description
KVM is a full virtualization solution for Linux on x86 (64-bit included) hardware containing virtualization extensions (Intel VT or AMD-V). It consists of a loadable kernel module, kvm.ko, that provides the core virtualization infrastructure and a processor specific module, kvm-intel.ko or kvm-amd.ko.
In Debian, Xen and VirtualBox are alternatives to KVM.
Installation¶
Install the qemu-kvm package with apt-get or aptitude, e.g. using this command:
aptitude install qemu-kvm libvirt-bin
The libvirt-bin daemon will start automatically at boot time and load the appropriate kvm modules, kvm-amd or kvm-intel, which are shipped with the Linux kernel Debian package. If you intend create VMs from the command-line, install virtinst.
In order to be able to manage virtual machines as regular user you should put this user into the libvirt group:
adduser <youruser> libvirt
Setting up bridge networking¶
It can be useful to set up a bridge for the KVM VMs as described here at QEMU page.
- Install the bridge-utils package:
sudo apt-get install bridge-utils
We are going to change the network configuration1. To do it properly, you should first stop networking2:
sudo invoke-rc.d networking stop
If you are on a remote connection, and so cannot stop networking, go ahead with the following commands, and use sudo invoke-rc.d networking restart at the end. If you make a mistake, though, it won't come back up.
To set up a bridge interface, edit /etc/network/interfaces and either comment or replace the existing config with (replace with the values for your network):
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet manual
auto br0
iface br0 inet static
address 192.168.0.10
network 192.168.0.0
netmask 255.255.255.0
broadcast 192.168.0.255
gateway 192.168.0.1
bridge_ports eth0
bridge_stp off
bridge_fd 0
bridge_maxwait 0
- Or to use DHCP
auto lo iface lo inet loopback auto eth0 iface eth0 inet manual auto br0 iface br0 inet dhcp bridge_ports eth0 bridge_stp off bridge_fd 0 bridge_maxwait 0
This will create a virtual interface br0.
Now restart networking:
sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart
Managing VMs from the command-line¶
You can then use the virsh(1) command to start and stop virtual machines. VMs can be generated using virtinst. For more details see the libvirt page. Virtual machines can also be controlled using the kvm command in a similar fashion to QEMU.
Example installation of a Guest CentOS instance¶
virt-install \ -n myguest \ -r 2048 \ --vcpus=2 \ --os-variant=rhel6 \ -v \ --accelerate \ -c /var/lib/libvirt/images/CentOS-6.2-x86_64-minimal.iso \ -w bridge:br0 \ --vnc --vncport=7601 \ --disk path=/vm/guest.img,size=100
The above example uses the following parameters; 100 refers to 100GB for hard drive size, 2048 for MB of RAM, 2 vcpus, and a VNC server setup on port 7601.
Example installation of a Windows Server 2008 R2¶
# Place WinServ ISO into /storage/local/iso/ # Download VIRTIO driver iso image to use during install cd /home/user/iso/ wget http://alt.fedoraproject.org/pub/alt/virtio-win/latest/images/bin/virtio-win-0.1-52.iso # Pre-create VM disk image qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o preallocation=metadata /home/user/images/winserv1.qcow2 50G # Launch installation inside screen screen virt-install --connect qemu:///system --name WinServ1 --ram 2048 --vcpus 2 \ --disk path=/home/user/images/winserv1.qcow2,format=qcow2,bus=virtio,cache=none \ --disk path=/home/user/iso/virtio-win-0.1-52.iso,device=cdrom \ --cdrom /home/user/iso/winserv.iso \ --network=bridge:br0,model=e1000 \ --vnc --os-type=windows --os-variant=win2k8 \ --noautoconsole --accelerate --noapic --keymap=en-us # Detach screen CTRL+A+D # Run virt-manager for VNC display (make sure you have X forwarding enabled on your ssh session for remote display) virt-manager # OR virt-viewer -c qemu:///system WinServ1
NOTE: Make sure to have the -X option set when connecting via SSH, this is to enable X11 forwarding.
Managing VMs with a GUI¶
On the other hand, if you want to use a graphical UI to manage the VMs, you can use the Virtual Machine Manager virt-manager.
Migrating guests to a Debian host¶
Migrating guests from RHEL/CentOS 5.x¶
There are a few minor things in guest XML configuration files (/etc/libvirt/qemu/*.xml you need to modify:- Machine variable in <os> section should say pc, not rhel5.4.0 or similar
- Emulator entry should point to /usr/bin/kvm, not /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm
In other words, the relevant sections should look something like this:
<os>
<type arch='x86_64' machine='pc'>hvm</type>
--- snip ---
<devices>
<emulator>/usr/bin/kvm</emulator>
If you had configured a bridge network on the CentOS host, please refer to this wiki article on how to make it work on Debian.
Troubleshooting¶
No network bridge available¶
virt-manager uses a virtual network for its guests, by default this is routed to 192.168.122.0/24 and you should see this by typing ip route as root.
If this route is not present in the kernel routing table then the guests will fail to connect and you will not be able to complete a guest creation.
Fixing this is simple, open up virt-manager and go to Edit -> Host details -> Virtual networks tab. From there you may create a virtual network of your own or attempt to fix the default one. Usually the problem exists where the default network is not started.
cannot create bridge 'virbr0': File exists:¶
To solve this probelm you may remove the virbr0 by running:
brctl delbr virbr0
Open virt-manager and go to Edit -> Host details -> Virtual networks start the default network.
You can check the netstatus
virsh net-list --all
Optionally, you can use bridge network BridgeNetworkConnections